Essay on the Use of Symbols, Tensions, and Irony in The...

Use of Symbols, Tensions, and Irony in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, is a perfect example of how Williams incorporates symbols, tensions, and irony to help express the central theme of the play. One of the most dominant symbols in the play is the fire escape. It represents something different for each of the characters. Tom uses the fire escape to escape from his cramped apartment and nagging mother. Therefore, the fire escape symbolizes a path to the outside world. For Jim, the gentleman caller, the fire escape represents a means of entering the Wingfield apartment and by doing so, entering the Wingfields lives. The mother, Amanda, sees the fire escape as a possible†¦show more content†¦Tom talks of his rainbow-colored scarf that was used at a magic show to change a bowl of goldfish into flying canaries. Like the canaries, Tom hopes to escape from his prison and fly away. The rainbow reflections at the Dance Hall, created by the chandeliers, foreshadow the dance between Jim and Laura. This dance gave Laura a sense of hope for herself. Later though, Tom looks at the pieces of colored glass, like bits of a shattered rainbow, which represents Lauras broken hop es and dreams. Tom uses irony as a means of keeping pain and himself apart. Amanda accuses Tom of going out drinking every night, and to this Tom makes up a humorous story about how killer, killer, Wingfield spends his nights in opium dens, dens of vice and criminals hangouts... By Tom agreeing with his mother and turning what was an argument into a form of art, based completely on exaggerations, he ends up ironically protecting himself. By turning the situation into a joke, Tom distances himself from the situation and the pain. Tom also makes a joke out of his fathers abandonment. He recalls his father as a telephone man who fell in love with long distances. He also speaks of the last time he heard from his father with another ironic twist, a postcard saying nothing but, Hello-Goodbye. Ironically, the last words spoken by Tom in the play are the same as his fathers-and soShow MoreRelatedwisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagescreativity, serenity, humility, clarity about what is, empathy, insight, intuitive understanding, patience, reality, self-awareness, and truth.3 Another prominent wisdom researcher, Robert Sternberg, believes that â€Å"people are wise to the extent that they use their intelligence to seek a common good. They do so by balancing, in their courses of action, their own interests with those of others and those of larger entities, like their school, their community, their country, even God.† In fostering wisdom,

Steganography Critical Review - 721 Words

Purpose This critical review is to investigate steganographic studies and their methods to either exfiltrate data or defend against data exfiltration. Steganography has one main purpose, to conceal data. Huang’s (2011) method, embedding steganographic data in inactive frames of low-bit rate audio streams went against the norm (Aoki, 2008), (Wu et al., 2006), used active frames of high-bit rate audio streams. Active high-bit rate audio streams have higher least significant bit counts, which presents added frames to conceal steganographic payloads (Huang et al., 2011). Howbeit, Huang (2011) demonstrated a new algorithm he administered to (VOIP) inactive frames of low-bit audio streams, which could carry higher capacity payloads than†¦show more content†¦Nagaraja’s (2011) research purpose was to initiate future studies into defensive measures against botnets. Botnets have a unique ability to coordinate the sending and receiving of new commands to bots that grant the botmaster immense power to execute criminal activities, such as, phishing attacks, DDoS attacks, and ransomware attacks (Nagaraja, et al., 2011). Which have intensified to where presently botnets control hundreds of thousands of hosts and produce millions of dollars in revenue for their creators (Nagaraja, et al., 2011). Contrary to traditional botnets, Stegobot’s communication traffic does not open new communication endpoints between the bots (Nagaraja, et al., 2011). Stegobot takes advantage of social media networks by operating along the edges, while utilizing image steganography techniques to hide covert communication during the interchanging of images among users (Nagaraja, et al., 2011). Network traffic visualization method designed by Mazurczyk (2012) focuses on network anomaly detection principles. Mazurczyk’s main purpose of doing his research was to detect anomalies in network traffic flow, that can cause malicious actions that could compromise network s ecurity. Typical anomaly detection methods instituted across networks focus on discovering illegal activities orchestrated by probable attackers (Mazurczyk, et al., 2012). Current security devices lack the effectiveness needed in today’s immense traffic volumes that need current real-timeShow MoreRelatedSteganography Analysis : Steganography And Steganography1592 Words   |  7 Pages1 Steganography and its introduction Steganography comes from the Greek word â€Å"Steganographia† (ÏÆ'Ï„Î µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'-Ï‚, ÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±Ãâ€ -ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½) which means â€Å"covered writing†. It is the art and science of concealing a secret information within a cover media preventing unauthorized people to know that something is hidden in it, so that the message can only be detected by its intended recipient. Cryptography and Steganography are ways of secure data transfer over the Internet 1.1.1 Cryptography and Steganography CryptographyRead MoreSecurity Issues and Principles Research Paper6107 Words   |  25 PagesSECURITY ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES STEGANOGRAPHY [n. stÉ™ nà ³ggrÉ™fi] Steganography (literally meaning covered writing) dates back to ancient Greece, where common practices consisted of etching messages in wooden tablets and covering them with wax, and tattooing a shaved messengers head, letting his hair grow back, and then shaving it again when he arrived at his contact point. Steganography comes from the Greek steganos, or covered, and graphie, or writing. Synonymous to abstraction, the art andRead MoreStatement of Purpose on Computer Science and Management614 Words   |  3 PagesStructures, Algorithm Analysis and Design, DBMS, Data Warehousing and Data Mining. My inclination towards exploring the practical domain of computers led to my involvement in many projects like ‘Virtual DOS using JAVA’, ‘Steganography’ and ‘Hotel Management System’. I also wrote a review paper titled ‘Mobile Agent’. My crowning achievement was my final year minor project, titled ‘File System Simulation Using C’. The positive feedback from my project guide, backed up with organization talent acquired throughRead MoreThe Threat Of Cyber Warfare1631 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence against persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear. Attacks that lead to death or bodily injury, explosions, plane crashes, water contamination, or severe economic loss would be examples. Serious attacks against critical infrastructures could be acts of cyberterrorism, depending on their impact. Attacks that disrupt nonessential services or that are mainly a costly nuisance would not. (Denning, 2000) The Army activated Army Cyber Command, 2d Army on 1 October 2010Read MoreE-Commerce Evolution2011 Words   |  9 Pagesmetasearch engines for comparing on-line prices, databots or shopping bots, and on-line streaming. Amazon created a website where you could search for products (originally books/music); purchase them remotely; have them shipped to your door; and, review them all on-line. The company evolved into the 3-rd party distribution market which allowed vendors to sell their products through Amazon’s web store and with Amazon handling the transactions for a per-sale commission. This allowed for smaller vendorsRead MoreDigital Image Watermarking9991 Words   |  40 Pagesencompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements  of the various  stakeholders, such as beneficiaries or users. Requirements analysis is critical to the success of a development project.  Requirements  must be documented, actionable, measurable, testable, related to identified business needs or opportunities, and defined to a level of detail sufficient for system design. Requirements can be  architecturalRead MoreCulture Change as a Universal Intervention of Behaviour Change in Tobacco and Alcohol Use and Suicide3267 Words   |  13 Pagespsychology and related subjects. Neural activity associated with decision making has been studied by neuroscientists. Health related behaviour change has been attempted and studied by health professionals. What is attempted through my work is to review available knowledge in these fields to formulate a culture-based universal technology to apply in the field of behaviour change related to alcohol, tobacco and suicide. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Culture and human behaviour The term ‘culture’Read MoreCeh Cheat Sheet3910 Words   |  16 Pages5) = 3564308997 Cryptography Cryptography is assumed pre-requisite for this class. Its still a good idea to review some core terminology before the exam. Terms and Definitions Plaint Text The data set before encryption Cipher Text The result of encryption Cryptanalysis Attempting to break and encryption algorithm Cryptography Obscuring the meaning of a message Steganography Hiding a message within another Salt Ensures different keys are created each time Initialization Vector ChangeRead MoreA Short Note On Storage Requirements And Data Distribution Requirements Essay4447 Words   |  18 Pagescom/dynimg/IC139062.jpeg Symmetric encryption policy: - there are many ways to hide thing from information. First of all, cryptology. When we use Cryptology it take hidden link in a common method. Now a days we are use this one in daily life that is called steganography. Asymmetric encryption policy:- asymmetric encryption policy is second policy. Any time we select a symmetric key encryption algorithm hold true for asymmetric as well as. Lot of things which happens in past has trained that fully available algorithmRead MoreSystem Audit12707 Words   |  51 Pagespractices, and operations. The evaluation of obtained evidence determines if the information systems are safeguarding assets, maintaining data integrity, and operating effectively and efficiently to achieve the organization s goals or objectives. These reviews may be performed in conjunction with a financial statement audit, internal audit, or other form of attestation engagement. PURPOSE OF IT AUDITS: An IT audit should not be confused with a financial statement audit. While there may be some abstract

Hybrid Informative Free Essays

Speech Assignment: Informative #2 Speech Goal: To inform the audience on hybrid cars. Opening: Hybrid cars are much more environmentally friendly than gas only vehicles. There are several different sorts of transportation that one would have never thought of as being hybrid. We will write a custom essay sample on Hybrid Informative or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are plenty of advantages of having a hybrid over gas only and electric only cars also. Body: 1. What is a hybrid? * 2 or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide power. * It usually is a vehicle that is both gasoline and battery powered 2. Types of hybrid’s? Mopeds * Combines power of gas engine with pedal power rider * Locomotives * Pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids * Buses like Seattle are diesel-electric * They can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away. * Mining trucks * Diesel-electric * Submarines * Some are nuclear-electric and then some are diesel-electric 3. Kind of hybrid’s? * Series hybrid * Does not have direct connection between the engine and the wheels. The engine drives a generator, and then provides electric power for either the batter or the motor. Cylinder to generator or fuel tank; generator to battery or motor; which then transmission * Parallel hybrid * Use electric motors to assist the engine in driving the wheels through the transmission. * Fuel tank supplies gas to the engine and battery that supplies power to the transmission. 4. Advantages? * Verses gas-only modes, hybrid cars gas efficiency double them which provides a significant amount saved * Less pollutant during use – burn less fuel – when being build they were conscious of environmental pollution so they make the vehicles much cleaner Closing Hybrid is the best way to go when you’re choosing a vehicle; it is the best of both gas only and electric only cars. They are even built better than the gas only cars that most of us have. When I get my next car I want a hybrid car for these exact reasons that I have stated. Resources/References: http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car2. htm http://www. mgstech. net/hybrid-models-around-us-today http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-hybrid-car. htm# How to cite Hybrid Informative, Essay examples

The Breast Screen Program Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Breast Screen Program Australia. Answer: Introduction Breast screen Australia can be defined as the breast cancer screening program. The Breast screen Australia programs objective is to detect unsuspected breast cancer in women at an early stage by the process of screening mammography. The aim of the program is to reduce the number of deaths and illness caused by breast cancer. The aforementioned program entitles women who are aged 40 and above to free screening mammography every two years(Welch, Prorok, OMalley, Kramer, 2016). It has been estimated that breast cancer has affected a majority of women population in Australia and has been identified to be the most common type of cancer which has affected Australian women. According to the results of a survey, it has been identified that in the year 2013,9581 women in the age group of 50-74 in Australia had been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Breast cancer has been identified as the single most common cause of death of Australian WOMEN after lung cancer. The program, Breast Screen Australia has been well received by the women of Australia and more than fifty percent of the female population in Australia has actively participated to get them screened. However, it can be said that the program has not had much effect on the indigenous population. Participation of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait islanders in the program, Breast Screen Australia has been significantly low(Oeffinger, et al., 2015). Discussion: Breast Cancer Breast Cancer can be defined as one of the most common types of cancer which originates in the ducts of as well as in the lobules. However, in rare instances breast cancer can also originate in the in the connective tissue which connects the ducts and the lobules of the breast. It can be said that breast cancer happens to be the most common form of cancer affecting an average of one out of four women. However, the prevalence of the disease is more common in developed countries as compared to developing nations(Myers, et al., 2015). It can be said that according to the reports of Australian Institute of Health and Welfare that Breast cancer can be considered to the most common form cancer and which constitutes 28% of the types of cancer affecting women. Occurrence of Breast Cancer has been identified in 124 women per 10000 women in Australia(Zajac, 2016). The factors that cause Breast Cancer are not known however, many risk factors that aim breast cancer in women have been identified. One of the most prominent factors that causes breast cancer has been identified to be age. Occurrences of breast cancer are most common in women belonging to the age group of over 50. Hormonal and reproductive factors are also contributing causes of breast cancer(Freimanis Yacobozzi, 2014). Some of these factors include: not having given birth to children, giving birth at old age, menopause at an old age. Hormone replacement therapy and oral contraception have also been identified to increase a small risk of breast cancer(Mathew Sibbering, 2018). It can be stated that a family history of Breast can cancer can increase a womans chances of developing the same, however according to the report provided by Breast Cancer Australia 2015 it can be said that 8 out of 9 women who develop breast cancer do not have a mother or sister who is a victim of breast canc er. According to the research done by(trove.nla.gov.au, 2018)it can be sated that family history as a contributory factor of Cancer in Australia can be classified in three categories: Slight or average risk- 95 percent of the women population belongs in this category. The women in this category have no family history or a very weak family history of cancer. It can be said that nine out of ten women in this category are less likely to develop cancer. Moderate Risk- Less than four percent of the female population belongs in this category. Women in this category have a moderate risk of developing breast cancer due to a strong family history. Examples of such family history include first degree relatives on one side of the family. Potential High Risk- Less than one percent of the women fall in this category. Women who have a strong family history which includes first and second degree relatives on either side of the family and additional factors on the same side of the family. Impacts of Breast Screen Australia Breast Screening Detects Breast Cancer early It can be stated that free breast screening is available to the women population in Australia belonging to the age group of 50-74 years age group by the program Breast Screening Australia. The women population who belong to the age group of 40-49 are eligible to get tem screened, however they are not actively targeted(DeSantis, Ma, Bryan, Jemal, 2014). It can be stated that like other population based screening programs, Breast Screen Australia aims to detect unsuspected breast cancers which would have otherwise gone unnoticed. The programs aims to detect breast cancer by the use of screening mammograms and therefore reduce morbidity in women. Breast cancer in women allows them to access diagnostic and treatment services at an early stage. Detection of breast cancer at an early stage can even be cured with the latest treatment services available. In the process of screening mammography, radiologists review the images of each of the breast to detect any unsuspected or suspicious characteristics which require further inspection. The process of screening mammography is not however diagnostic in nature. Screening mammography has been found to be more effective in older women as their breasts become less dense after menopause. It is also one of the main reasons why women in the age group of over 50 are more prone to develop breast cance r. Such process of mammographic screening is not however considered to be effective in women who are younger than 40. This is because the breast tissue in younger women are more dense and therefore it becomes difficult to identify any development of cancerous cells. Breast Screening mammography decreases morbidity and morality It can be said according to (NBOCC 2009) that lower morbidity from breast cancer can be achieved by detection of the cancer at an early stage as it gives the patients the options to choose from the different treatment options available. As provided by the reports of NBOCC 2009, it can be stated that the program Breast Screen Australia has detected almost 59 percentage of the breast cancer occurrences in women. Only 28% of the all the occurrences of breast cancer has been detected outside the program. Treatment of breast cancers detected by Breast Screen Australia is done mostly by breast conserving surgery which is closely associated with decreased morbidity. Breast Screening effectively benefits mortality as detection of breast cancer at an early stage has been proved to increase survival rates among victims of cancer(Uicc.org., 2018). It had been estimated that effective breast screening programs has reduced the rates of mortality rates among women by 21 28% (Cancerscreening.gov.au, 2018). It can be said in accordance with the reports of International Agency for Research on Cancer 2015 that that mortality rates has been significantly reduced in Australia due to Screening Mammography. These benefits of mortality have been reflected on the women who have been targeted by the program Breast Screen Australia. Screening and re screening Mammography which is X-ray of the breast is the test that is used in breast screening. The active participation of women in the program Breast Screen Australia is an indicator of the programs performance. Women in Australia have also recognized the need to get them screened as they have realized the effects of breast screening to reduce morbidity and mortality. Participation of women in the program are measured over a time period of two years which is aligned with the two year recommend screening interval of the program. It can be stated that the percentage of women who return for a re- screening after the two year interval is also measured. However according to Breast Screen Australia program although the recommended screening interval is 24 months( two years), it is estimated that twenty seven months is a reasonable time period which is required to assess any new developments and women to respond to invitation to respond to such screening process(aihw.gov.au, 2018). Conclusion Thus to conclude it can be said that breast cancer is the most common form of cancer that affects women all over the world. Occurrences of breast cancer are common in women belong in the age group of 50 and above. Breast Cancer has been identified as the most common cause of death of female population in Australia after lung cancer. The program Breast Screen Australia has been initiated by the government of Australia to do mammography screening of women in every two years to detect any suspicious and unnoticed growth of cancerous cells in the mammary glands. The process however, is not diagnostic. Breast screen Australia has been well received by the majority of the population and the evidence of the same can be exhibited by the high rates of participation. Bibliography aihw.gov.au. (2018, March 25). Home - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved from aihw.gov.au: https://www.aihw.gov.au/ Cancerscreening.gov.au. (2018, March 25). Cancer Screening - Breast Screening. . Retrieved from Cancerscreening.gov.au. : https://cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/breast-screening-1 DeSantis, C., Ma, J., Bryan, L., Jemal, A. (2014). Breast cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 64(1), 52-62. Freimanis, R. I., Yacobozzi, M. (2014). Breast cancer screening. North Carolina medical journal, 117-120. Mathew, J., Sibbering, M. (2018). Breast Cancer Screening. InBreast Cancer Management for Surgeons. Springer, Cham. Myers, E. R., Moorman, P., Gierisch, J. M., Havrilesky, L. J., Grimm, L. J., Ghate, S., Kendrick, A. (2015). Benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: a systematic review. Jama, 314(15), 1615-1634. Oeffinger, K. C., Fontham, E. T., Etzioni, R. H., Michaelson, J. S., Shih, Y. C., Wolf, A. M. (2015). Breast cancer screening for women at average risk: 2015 . guideline update from the American Cancer Society., 314(15), 1599-1614. trove.nla.gov.au. (2018, March 25). Breast cancer risk factors [electronic resource] : a review of the evidence / Gianluca Severi and Laura Baglietto. . Retrieved from trove.nla.gov.au: https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28385849?selectedversion=NBD44716176 Uicc.org. (2018, March 25). 2014 World Cancer Congress Report available . Retrieved from Uicc.org. : https://www.uicc.org/2014-world-cancer-congress-report-available Welch, H. G., Prorok, P. C., OMalley, A. J., Kramer, B. S. (2016). Breast-cancer tumor size, overdiagnosis, and mammography screening effectiveness. New England Journal of Medicine,375(15), 1438-1447., 375(15), 1438-1447. Zajac, P. (2016). Breast Cancer Screening. Osteopathic Family Physician, 8(5). Kuchenbaecker, K. B., Hopper, J. L., Barnes, D. R., Phillips, K. A., Mooij, T. M., Roos-Blom, M. J., ... Goldgar, D. E. (2017). Risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.Jama,317(23), 2402-2416. Lauby-Secretan, B., Scoccianti, C., Loomis, D., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Bouvard, V., Bianchini, F., Straif, K. (2015). Breast-cancer screeningviewpoint of the IARC Working Group.New England Journal of Medicine,372(24), 2353-2358. Campbell, B. (2018).Beyond Breast Cancer: An exploration of the experiences of middle-aged female breast cancer survivors in Australia. Beckmann, K., Duffy, S. W., Lynch, J., Hiller, J., Farshid, G., Roder, D. (2015). Estimates of over-diagnosis of breast cancer due to population-based mammography screening in South Australia after adjustment for lead time effects.Journal of medical screening,22(3), 127-135.

Questions On The Enlightenment free essay sample

He was scientist and he had a lot of theories. 8. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician and was also as Isaac, working With theories. He was born 1596. 9. Deism is the belief that god took a step back after he created the world. He took a Step back not to intervene, compromised the people who claimed to be enlightened. 10. He was a philosopher and analyzed the origin of knowledge and the best ways of governing a society. He claimed that all knowledge comes from experience. 1 1. The most important idea of the enlightenment was the belief in human reason.It was argued that every human being was able to think for themselves. Newton and Locke became tremendously influential because of their view that reason and science could be used to established the both the laws of nature and the laws of science. 12. Many people considered that lower classes couldnt be a part of the enlightenment. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions On The Enlightenment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But at the bottom line everyone could be a part of the enlightenment. 13. They had coffeehouses and newspaper. The coffeehouses were an important meeting point for intellectual interchange. There were a lot of bookshops, libraries and book clubs. . Daniel Defoe wrote the novel Robinson Crusoe which made him world famous. Robinson was on his way from Brazil to Africa to trade slaves. His ship sinks on his journey and he was the only one who survived on a desert island. He lives alone in 28 years before he gets rescued. The last year on the island he saves a native called Friday from being eaten by cannibals. Friday becomes Robinsons loyal servant that last year. The story is completely in line with the enlightenment. 15. Jonathan Swifts most famous writings is Guilders travels and A modest reports.A modest proposal was written in the 1 800 century and it is about a satirical article written about how to solve the hunger problem in Ireland. Jonathan s solution is that the poor people could sell their children to the rich people to get a better economy. He meant that the children was delicacies for the humans. Many people in the world took this article very serious, but Jonathan thought that the article was ironically written. Guilders travels is about Gullible who is a doctor and captain, he travels to the countries Lilliputian,Branding, Lappet and the country of the Homonyms. Gullible is named as a giant. During the hard famine in Ireland he wanted people to take it very seriously. When he visit the countries he notices the big difference between the people. Discussions about politics and how people are reacting on things. When he is visiting the Homonyms he gets stuck and he finds out that the horses there are very smart and the people are used as wild cattles. One day Gullible are on his way home and meet his family, he realizes that he rather be hanging with the horses. 6. The satire is an expression you can use when you want to mock someone/something, in a nice way. Swift s satires were used for the Irish people. It should be taken with irony. 17. The Encyclopedia is a dictionary contained 28 books. It is a summary of the conception that described the world from a scientific perspective. Everything was were based science, reason and technique. 18. His most famous writing is Candied and it is about a young man who was raised by a baron. One day he was kicked out of the castle because he was kissing the baron s daughter.A philosopher, alas about the best of all possible worlds. Candied s point of view of the world does change and the society has a dark and negative view of the world. 19. He was a Swiss-French writer focused on political philosophy. He was critical and wanted people to go back to nature. He meant that the people with ownership has a source of evil. He wrote the novel Mile, or on Education and he wrote about how he thought that you should raise children. To let them make mistakes and learn from that. He meant that they should go out and explore the world from their own eyes.

How useful is the concept of the balance of power‟ for understanding international security today

How useful is the concept of the balance of power‟ for understanding international security today Introduction In the highly dynamic world that we live in today, where nations constantly compete for power and influence, the concept of power balance is extremely vital to check and balance those holding power.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How useful is the concept of the â€Å"balance of power‟ for understanding international security today? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in spite of the remarkable global progress that has been made with regards to the balance of power and betterment of international security; Kochler (3) says that â€Å"no balance of power has emerged yet since the collapse of the post-World War II system of international relations.† In essence, this means that there is still a lot that needs to be done if the concept of â€Å"balance of power† is to be well implemented and its benefits enjoyed. In this paper, the major focus will be on highlighting the usefulnes s of the power balance in understanding international security. In addition, other important aspects of international power balance like globalization will also be detailed. Importantly, relevant concepts, ideas, facts and authoritative scholarly opinion on power balance sourced from relevant books and articles will be used to further the arguments presented herein. But before delving into such intricacies, what really do mean by balance of power? Essentially, in politics, power is viewed variably by different scholars. However, in summary, power generally refers to the measure of one’s influence or control over resources, capabilities, outcomes, events or even issues. A person, country, region that exhibits influence- based on the above essentialities- is thus said to have power. In measuring global power, issues like economic stability, military strength, technological advancements and geopolitical power are normally assessed (Wohlforth 6). The balance of power, therefore, denotes the existence of some parity or stability among those in power (Waltz 20-30). In other words, balance of power describes a situation whereby there is some equilibrium between the competing forces. According to (Sheehan 10-15), the major aim of international balancing power is to ensure that no nation becomes too strong to the point that it imposes its dominance over the rest. Fortunately or unfortunately, depending on how you look at it, the U.S wields most powers in the world today and through that; it has been allegedly using its unipolar power position to exert influence on other nations (Wohlforth 5-7). An explicative discussion of how this has affected the world today- will be circumspectly detailed in the later parts of this essay.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Principally, when we talk of international security, reference is being made to the well-being of countries across the world. This well-being covers aspects like food-security, health security, economic security, security from lawlessness and events like war, and security from acts of terrorism, among many others. According to (Nexon 335-340), power balance and international security are two interrelated concepts that mutually affect and reinforce each other concomitantly. This is based on the fact that the balance of power duly influences security just in the same way good security boosts the balance of power. It is based on this reason that the discussions presented below will address these two issues concurrently. Major Aspects of Power Balance- With Regards to International Security Today Just in the same way there are numerous definitions on power, the balance of power also has several aspects. In studying these aspects, as presented by various scholars, the following three main issues come up. Firstly, the main objective of power balance is to ensure that there is a checke d control of those in power. This is majorly to keep them from misusing their powers and endangering other people’s security. Secondly, most nations and states rout for power balance for the basic purpose of self preservation. In the perilously competitive world we live in today, most nations only care about themselves (Hay 20-30). Once they realize that they have inadequate power or influence to meet their needs and wants, their second-best option is normally to ensure that those with the power are regulated in a way their needs are met, at the end of the day, in one way or another (Mearsheimer 15-25). Thirdly, and finally, there have been increased complaints regarding the superiority of the U.S and how it has been managing its powers (Wohlforth 34). To such complainants, the only way of ensuring that their security is fortified is by pushing for power balance agendas. Based on these three aspects, which embody many other aspects in them, there have been continuous push-and -pull forces regarding the concept of power balance. It is only a matter of time before things eventually come together or tear apart- with regards to this issue. For now, however, the most important thing to do is to try and make the most out of what we have while we intermittently hope for a better future. Below are some significances of power balance in understanding international security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How useful is the concept of the â€Å"balance of power‟ for understanding international security today? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Usefulness of Power Balance in Understanding International Security Preliminarily, the concept of power balance helps in the understanding of international security by outlining which countries, nations, states or regions are well-vast in terms of security (Chandler 43-49). Once this is known, viable measures can be taken to help solve the situation. As was mentioned earlier, assessing for power balance calls for the assessment of aspects like technology, economic strength and geopolitical power, among other factors. In doing so, one is able to know the nature of a country’s or region’s security. For example, a country with poor economic strength essentially equals low security in terms of facets like food security, financial growth or even job security. Once this is known, relevant measures can be taken to solve the situation. A good example here is many financial aids that are normally sent by well-doing countries like USA and China to poverty-stricken countries in Africa. This greatly helps in ensuring that there is a balance of power. According to Benjian (1), â€Å"In the anarchic international environment, national states/regions are fearful of each other because of mutual misunderstandings.† As a result, security becomes a first priority for most nations. In effect, the race for military equipment and f inancial strength that can be used against other competitors becomes very vital. Often, countries that are already strong continue amassing more influence and become stronger while the weak ones dwindle downwards and become weaker. In such an instance, the institutionalization of on organization or body that balances power becomes very important. In relations to the above need for power balance; entities like the UN (United Nations), AU (African Union), and the EU (European Union) have been quite instrumental. Of course there have been some few complaints regarding fairness of these organizations but, in overall; their performance in regulation and balance of power thus ensuring better security, has been commendable- to say the least. Another important subject of concern with regards to power balance and international security is globalization. Primarily, Streeten asserts that â€Å"Globalisation is transforming trade, finance, employment, migration, technology, communications, the environment, social systems, ways of living, cultures, and patterns of governance.† On the other hand, Goyal (1) says that â€Å"The term Globalisation refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge.† These definitions generally state that, in Globalisation, barriers to trade are vehemently broken down so as to pave way for reduced capital controls and the cutting down of transportation costs which, in turn, promote efficacy of economic markets and smooth running of trade.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More relevantly, globalization has reportedly been able to improve communication, transportation, education, technological systems, governance, job opportunities, and economic diversification as well as interdependence, among many others. In effect, this has greatly helped in bettering the balance of powers here include (but are not limited to) increased world peace through signing of treaties and sanctioning of laws, better donor and relief aids being distributed to poor countries, offering a sense of direction and leadership to economically growing countries, prevention of some and finally, unifying some regions and countries. All these have greatly helped in making the world safer than it was before. So whereas the likes of U.S, Russia, Germany and China have a part to play as some of strongest countries and states in the world, people in the grassroots also have to play their part. It is only through this that positive change can be utterly enhanced. Benjian, Xin. â€Å"Securi ty Dilemma, Balance of Power Vs. US Policy Towards China in the Post-Cold War Era.† September 2001. Xiandai Guoji Guanxi (Contemporary International Relations). Web. Chandler, David. International Statebuilding The Rise of the Post-Liberal Paradigm. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010. Print. Chatergee, Patricia. The Classical Balance of Power Theory. Journal of Peace Research, 9 (1972), 51. Cox, Robert. â€Å"Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory Cox Millennium.†Journal of International Studies 10 (1981): 126-155. Goyal, Krish A. â€Å"Impact of Globalization on Developing Countries (With Special Reference to India).† International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 5 (2006): 1-6. Hay, Colin. Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Khalizad, Zamay. â€Å"U.S. Grand Strategy: Implications for the United States and the World.† Strategic Appraisal1996, (1996): 23-34. Kochler, Hans . â€Å"Global Security in the Absence of a Balance of Power: the Importance of Inter-regional Co-operation.† 2008. International Progress Organization. Web. Mearsheimer, John J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York, NY: Norton, 2001. Print. Nexon, Daniel H. â€Å"The Balance of Power in the Balance.† World Politics, 61 (2009): 330-359. Sheehan, Michael J. The Balance of Power: History Theory. New York; Routledge, 2000. Print. Shuja, Sharif M. â€Å"Coping with Globalization.† 2001. TheFreeLibrary. Web. Streeten, Paul. â€Å"Globalization: Threat or Opportunity?† 1998. TheFreeLibrary. Web. Walton, Sam., Huey, John. Made in America: My Story. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley Pub. Co., 1979. Print. Wohlforth, William C. â€Å"The Stability of a Unipolar World.† International Security, 24 (1999): 5–41.

Modern Middle East Paper on Samuel P. Huntingtons The Clash of Essay

Modern Middle East Paper on Samuel P. Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations of the Coming of the New World Order and Edward W. Saids article, The Clash of Ignorance in The Nation magazine - Essay Example ological, geo-political and economic conflicts were carried out on the European stage, the end of the Cold War has changed the dynamics and motivations of international conflicts. In the prevailing world order, the fight for supremacy in the realms of ideology, material wealth and territorial conquest have become secondary to the assertion of ‘civilizations’. Civilization as a term in historical discourse can be difficult to define, but Huntington narrows down the scope of this term. According to the author, of all the constituent elements that comprise a particular civilization, its identification with religion, ethnicity and culture form the core. A civilization’s affiliation with these elements is more enduring and resistant to change than its propensity for change, say, in the economic and ideological domains. Huntington correctly points out that in the hundred years before the end of Cold War there have been radical transformations from monarchy to communism to democracy, from liberal capitalism to stringent economic protectionism, and vice versa across the globe. Not only have there been numerous instances of such changes but have also oscillated from one extreme to another. Amid all this churning, the only abstract conception with which peoples in different parts of the world could identify with is their ‘civilization’. The author goes on to identify eight major civilizations in the new world order. These include â€Å"Western, Confucian, and Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American and possibly African civilization. The most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another†. (Huntington, 1997, p.157) The author further adds that while distinct fault lines are evident between every pairing of these civilizations, the friction is no where greater than between the Western and Islamic blocs. For, barring few minor variations, the existing

James Smith Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

James Smith - Research Paper Example It is in this context that although Mr. Smith’s conviction was upheld or proven as a burglary in the state as well as federal courts, arguments remains unconcluded as to whether it was justified for police to arrest Mr. Smith in the absence of a proper warrant. Specific Examples in the Language of Prior Decisions The constitutional justification behind the application of a warrant is that it attempts to protect the right of any individual to be secured in their property. In the language of the constitution, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Even in the prior decisions, the language of the court in judgment had been quite specific in a ddressing the significance of warrant under circumstances when officers deem it to be necessary for the obtainment of any evidences. For instance, followed by the judgments of the cases such as Florida v. Bostick (501 U. S. 429) and Brower v. County of Inyo (489 U. S. 593), the language of the decision in the case Brendlin v. ... Hence, in the language of the prior decisions, â€Å"There is no seizure without that person’s actual submission† as unambiguously mentioned in the cases of California v. Hodari D. (499 U. S. 621), Brigham City v. Stuart (No. 05-502), Georgia v. Randolph (No. 04-1067), Hudson v. Michigan (547 U.S. 586) and United States v. Grubbs (No. 04-1414) (GPO, 1992; Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Arguments used by framers of the Constitution while debating the language of the document When amending the Constitution, the framers have been arguing on the actual purpose of the provisions in respect of using a proper warrant when conducting a search or a seizure or both. For instance, arguments have been based on the restriction imposed by the law executors when felt the necessity to seize or search a person or his property as per their investigation. Certain exemptions have been allowed in the constitution where the suspect’s agreement to search his property or conduct a seizer is allowed as a lawful and righteous procedure in the absence of a proper warrant [Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103 (2006)]. Similarly, law enforcers can act lawfully in the absence of a proper warrant where there is a ‘reasonable suspicion’ based on rational justification rather than guesses (Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Thus, as the search and seizer of Mr. Smith and his property was based on his neighbor’s guess, such as act cannot be deemed as a reasonable suspicion. Nor did Mr. Smith give his agreement to the search and seizer owing to which the Constitution might depict sympathy towards the defendant (i.e. Mr. Smith). Philosophical underpinning that might influence the court’s ruling The US Constitution in its Fourth Amendment also holds particular philosophical

Counterfeit Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Counterfeit Medicine - Essay Example Because of this demand pharmaceutical companies now face the problem of counterfeit medicine (Cockburn, p. 302). The World Health Organization and the US FDA estimates that ten percent (10%) of the medicines and drugs sold in the United States are counterfeit drugs. These drugs are known to be manufactured overseas, particularly in Asia or Africa where it is reported that the real drugs are being sold along side of the counterfeit ones. These counterfeit medicines when taken in may have serious health consequences. A lot of counterfeit medicines sold today are cheaper or almost the same price as that of the real medicine. This also makes them a competitor for legal pharmaceuticals. One of the serious health implications for ingesting these counterfeit drugs are the possible side effects not reported or present in real medicine. Counterfeit medicines are also known to contain little or a different drug ingredient that has not passed FDA approval (US FDA, para.3). The economic repercussion of having these fake drugs available is that legal pharmaceuticals are losing money. Fake drugs may look and have the same packaging, it is sometimes impossible for the average consumer to know which one is fake or counterfeit. Consumers or patients who get a hold of counterfeit medicine also lose money because they do not get the product that they have paid for, and the medicinal benefit of the drug. Add to that the possibility of getting hospitalized because of the adverse effects of the counterfeit drugs, or worse death (Hope, para. 2). The problem of counterfeit medicine has stemmed from the known income earnings of pharmaceutical companies and commercialism. Companies that are trying to outsell each other may try to get sourcing of their raw materials from third world countries and sometimes these medicines contain little or weak proportions of an active ingredient or worse a different

Needs of Specific Groups of Disabled or Older People

Needs of Specific Groups of Disabled or Older People Outlining the impairments, conditions, rights, and needs of specific groups of disabled or older people Rhojoesa Bingayen 3.1-3.3  A. People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)   Autism Autism is a complex developmental disorder of brain function accompanied by a broad range of severity of intellectual and behavioural deficits. It usually begins within the first two-and-a-half years of a child’s life (Gillberg et.al., 2011). It causes affected children to experience the world differently from the way most other kids do. Autistic children often appear normal physically but their behaviour may often times seem strange and disturbing as compared to normal children. Autism is marked by three prominent symptoms, which are – impairments in social interaction, impairment in communication, and repetitive behaviour. Children with autism display extreme odd behaviours in the sense that they might either be overly aggressive or abnormally passive. They do not connect with other people around them and do not reciprocate to communication verbal or nonverbal. Their social expressions are limited to extreme display of emotions like screaming, crying or laughing profusely with infrequent signs of subtle expression such as smiling or frowning. They do not establish and maintain eye contact when communicating. They develop routines and are resistant to changes in their routines, they get upset when their routines are broken. People with autism tend to exhibit compulsive behaviour and develop ritualistic behaviour in their daily routine. Common repetitive behaviours include hand-flapping, head banging, rocking, jumping and twirling, arranging and rearr anging objects and repeating sounds or words. Consequences a. Individual Discrimination due to an autistic childs abnormal behavior, people around him may discriminate him, brand him as crazy and they may have prejudgements about him. Isolation because he is being discriminated upon, he may further isolate himself and not connect with other people anymore Potential for neglect because of his inability to express himself, his family and carers may not know what he wants or needs leading to neglect Potential for abuse due to his difficult behaviour, his family and carers may be frustrated leading to potential physical or verbal abuse Low self-esteem because he is different from others, his self-esteem may become lower Potential for self-mutilation his repetitive and unusual behaviours may result in harming himself. If he is disrupted from his routines, he may throw tantrums and hurt himself. b. Family Stress constantly caring and managing the difficult behaviour of an autistic child can be very stressful to the family Exhaustion – the physical demands of caring for an autistic child can be very tiring leading to exhaustion. Autistic children often have disturbed sleep pattern and they need constant supervision which is physically exhausting. Burn out – constant exposure to stress and exhaustion can lead to burn out of the family. They may feel isolated and depressed and may reach breaking point if they don’t get help. Guilt – the parents may feel feelings of guilt and blame themselves for the condition of their child. Embarrassment because of the unusual behaviour of the autistic child, the family may feel embarrassed especially when they are in public places Isolation – due to embarrassment, they may opt to stay at home and not socialize anymore Financial problems – autistic children may need more for his needs, therapies and medications and the family may struggle with their finances. c. Carers Stress – constantly looking after an autistic child and managing his unusual behaviour can be very stressful to the carer. When the child’s routine is disrupted and he gets very upset, he may throw tantrums putting the carer under stress. Exhaustion – physical demands of caring for an autistic child is tiring and can lead to exhaustion. The child may be overly passive or overly active and they may be very difficult to handle leading to exhaustion. Burn out – constant exposure to stress can lead to burn out. This may cause the carer to lose interest in taking care of the child leading to neglect and abuse. May give up job – the carer may be unable to cope with the challenging behaviours of the child and may give up caring for the child Impact on the diverse dynamic of the family Autism affects not only the individual but the whole family. An autistic child may have unusual behaviours, difficulty expressing himself and difficulty connecting with people. This can cause parents to have a hard time accepting the child’s condition and they may feel very frustrated of not being able to connect with their child. Autism may be very overwhelming for them and they may feel very depressed about the condition of their child. Stress due to unusual behaviours can lead to burn out and feelings of emptiness. They may feel anger, resentment and guilt. All the family members may feel isolated and helpless and they may neglect themselves putting forward the needs of their autistic child. Autism can either bind the whole family giving support to each other while caring for the autistic child or the constant exposure of the family in a stressful environment may lead to their falling out as a family. Code of Rights Right to be treated with respect Even though a child is autistic, he is still a human being and has the right to be treated with respect whatever behaviour he may display. Even if he cannot express himself, he still has the right to have his own privacy respected. Right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation His unusual behaviours make him prone to discrimination and his inability to connect and communicate with people can lead to exploitation and abuse. People should bear in mind that he is a human being and have the right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation. Right to dignity and independence Family and carers must ensure that his dignity and independence is upheld. As much as possible promote independence to the child, encourage him to do things to increase his self-esteem and dignity. Right to services of an appropriate standard The family should be made aware of the services that they can tap for the benefit of their autistic child. The child should not be denied of services appropriate for him and his family to optimise their quality of life. He is entitled to early intervention services and special education. Right to effective communication Due to inability to express himself, people should try all means to communicate effectively with him so that he may understand information conveyed to him. Right to be fully informed Even if he cannot communicate effectively, an autistic person together with his family still have the right to be fully informed of whatever procedure or services that will be done to him. Right to support The need of an autistic child is different from normal kids and they may need enormous amount of support. As an individual, they have the right to be given the support that they need. Support needs Autistic children need early and life-long intervention to manage their behaviour and enhance their communication skills. Early intensive behavioural therapies in young autistic children are effective in improving their social and communication skills and it can promote their independence as an individual. There are support groups that are available for families and their autistic child so that they can better deal with autism and optimize their lives. These groups provide counselling, behavioural therapies, accommodation and supported living, respite services, training and education, and day services. These groups are: Autism Parent Support Group Autism Therapy Groups Autism NZ Altogether Autism Mental Health Foundation NZ Intellectually Handicapped Children (IHC) Ministry of Education District Health Boards B. People with dementias 3.1-3.3 Dementia According to Alzheimer’s New Zealand (2012), â€Å"dementia occurs as a result of physical changes in the structure of the brain†. These changes can affect memory, thinking, behaviour, personality and emotion. Because dementia is a progressive syndrome, symptoms will gradually worsen. Plaques and tangles form in the brain and spread through the cortex as dementia progresses causing the nerve cells to die. The plaques and tangles disrupt the messages within the brain, damaging the connections between the brain cells. The brain shrinks due to loss of nerve cells, the cerebral cortex (gray matter) become less and the spaces between the cells become wider thus losing communication between the nerve cells. This leads to slower or no reaction at all and loss of ability to think and make decisions. The disease is characterized by gradual memory loss; decline in ability to perform tasks; impairment in cognitive functioning like impaired judgement, decision-making, abstract and logical thinking; disorientation; changes in mood and behavior; and loss of language skills. Consequences Individual Confusion – due to his loss of memory and inability to recognize things, he may be confused with all the things and people that surround him and this may cause him to be anxious and show challenging behaviours Frustration – because of his difficulty remembering and expressing his thoughts, he might be upset and frustrated with himself Display difficult behaviours – to compensate for his inability to express and communicate effectively, he may display difficult and aggressive behaviours to try and express what he wants Potential for self-injury – his inability to recognize dangerous things may pose harm to him and his constant wandering and not finding his way around can also pose danger to him Isolation – because he have difficulty remembering people, he might isolate himself or the people around him might not connect with him Potential for self-neglect as dementia progresses, he will become slower and more confused and may need constant reminding about his need to eat, to drink, to go to the toilet or have a wash and get dressed. Potential for abuse – when he displays difficult behaviour, his family and carers may get frustrated and irritated which can result to physical or verbal abuse Family Stress Constantly caring for a dementia client everyday can be stressful to the family especially the family member who is assigned to take care of the client. This can be physically and emotionally tiring leading to exhaustion and burnout Frustration when the client shows challenging behaviours, the family may feel frustrated and irritated because they may not know how to handle him Isolation – because they have to constantly look after the client, they may lose relationships and social contacts which can lead to isolation. They may also feel embarrassed with the odd behaviour of the client causing them to isolate themselves. Depression – the condition of the client may cause them sadness and depression, the loss of the person they once knew can result to feelings of loss and grief Financial problem – the family may not be able to constantly look after the client and may hire a carer or put him to a nursing home which can drain their resources Role changes – the family may have to assume the role the client used to have like if he is the head of the family, his spouse or eldest child may have to manage their finances and decision making. Carers Stress – Because dementia clients cannot communicate effectively what they need or want, they may display difficult behaviours to express themselves. The healthcare worker may have difficulty understanding the client which can put them under stress. Exhaustion Constantly working and looking after a dementia client is very physically demanding and this can result to tiredness and exhaustion. Challenging behaviour of the client, wandering around, incontinence and inability to communicate properly can be very stressing to the healthcare worker. Burnout – constant exposure to stress can lead to burn out and they may lose interest in taking care of the client. Potential to abuse client – due to the challenging behaviour of a dementia client, they may also become aggressive and violent, the carers may lose patience which can result to abuse of the client physically or verbally. Impact on the diverse dynamic of the family The family may go through a lot of emotions upon diagnosis of a family member with dementia. The client may be oblivious to what is happening around him due to memory changes and it is the family that will go through the process of loss and grief. The family may grieve over the loss of the person they used to know and love, they may grieve over the loss of relationship, or they may grieve over the loss of the future they have planned together. The difficult and challenging behaviour of the client can put them under so much stress which can lead to exhaustion or burn out. Taking care of the client with dementia everyday can be overwhelming for them and may either strengthen their family or weaken them. Code of Rights Right to be treated with respect A dementia client has the right to be treated with respect whatever behaviour he may display. Even if he cannot express himself, he still has the right to have his own privacy respected. Right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation His unusual behaviours make him prone to discrimination and his inability to connect and communicate with people can lead to exploitation and abuse. People should bear in mind that he is a human being and have the right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation. Right to dignity and independence Family and carers must ensure that his dignity and independence is upheld. As much as possible promote independence and encourage him to do things for himself to increase his self-esteem and dignity. Right to services of an appropriate standard The family should be made aware of the services that they can avail for the benefit of the dementia client. He should not be denied of services appropriate for him and his family to optimise their quality of life. Right to effective communication Due to inability to express himself, people should try all means to communicate effectively with him so that he may understand information conveyed to him. Right to be fully informed Even if he cannot communicate effectively, the client should still have the right to be fully informed of whatever procedure or services that will be done to him. Right to support The client has the right to be given the support he needed and be supported by carers of his choice. Support needs Dementia clients have varying needs according to the severity of their disease. Some may need constant reminders only due to their memory changes and some may need full assistance because they have forgotten how to do their ADLs. Dementia is a progressive disease and as the client’s condition worsens over time, they may need constant support and care throughout the course of their disease. Dementia not only affects the individual but also his family and carers, this is life-changing for all of them. They may need people who can truly understand what they are going through. There are support groups available for families and carers where they can connect and access services. These groups provide counselling and stress management techniques; provide support system like personal care, domestic care and carer support ; share knowledge and information on how to effectively manage challenging behaviours; provide education and training; provide links to resources available in the community like facilities/institutions who provides respite care, day care services, sitting services and others. These groups are: Alzheimer’s New Zealand Age Concern Residential care Facilities Home Based Services Health and Disability Commissioner Citizens Advice Bureau Work and Income Ministry of Health District Health Boards 3.4 References Alzheimer’s New Zealand (2012). Retrieved from http://www.alzheimers.org.nz/about-dementia/what-is-dementia#sthash.tFkup8ng.dpuf Autism Speaks Inc. (2014). Autism and your family. Retrieved from http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/autism-your-family Careerforce (n.d.) Community support services for people with dementia. Retrieved from http://ilearn.careerforce.org.nz/mod/book/view.php?id=272 Gillberg, C., Hollander, E., Kolevson, A. (2011). Textbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Virginia, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. Rhojoesa BingayenPage 1

Ethnicity and Latin America Essay example -- History Latin America Ess

Ethnicity and Latin America Latin America and the American colonies were â€Å"tamed† based on completely different ideologies. From a Latin American perspective, the most important of the European explorers were of course, the Spanish and the Portuguese. These explorers arrived in Christopher Columbus’ â€Å"new world† with the express goal of bringing glory and prestige to their homeland. In stark contrast, settlers came to the colonies seeking freedom from the religious persecution in Europe. The different approaches used in each area affected how well and to what extent the African, indigenous, and European cultures combined and shaped the characteristics of the regions today. When the Europeans arrived in America in the 15th century, they encountered the American Indians for the first time. Though only some Native Americans made deliberate contact with the settlers in attempts to work peacefully, the entire population felt the new presence. In addition to the violence shown to the â€Å"savages†Ã¢â‚¬â€often in order to take their lands—diseases for which they had no immunity were introduced, therefore resulting in devastating losses of life. As attempts at civilizing the â€Å"redskins† began, some of the Natives accepted the absorption into the new society while many rejected the change and strove to maintain their culture. Years later began the long-standing and undeniably cruel establishment of slave labor in America. Whether they arrived free only to later be captured by slave catchers, or they entered by way of the West Indies as captured African â€Å"black gold†, black slaves endured over a century of oppression and di scrimination. Halfway between the end of the American Civil War and the growth of the civil rights movement, the beginn... ...Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America were far more accepting of other Europeans than of other races. To this day there remain disparities in ethnic distributions; Argentina’s population has an overwhelming 85% of European descent with very few people of mixed race, while neighboring Chile consists of 93% mestizos. The different ways in which Latin America and the United States experienced their colonization impact their societies today. Though the backgrounds of each place are different, the results were similar; the Europeans came, saw, conquered, and abused the indigenous and Africans, who built up the foundations of modern society. Despite the passage of time and wide knowledge of the horrors of our past, inequalities and prejudices against blacks and natives that began centuries ago exist even today. 1 http://www.ecrweb.org/f/March_Mission_BellW.pdf

Ethical Leadership Essay

In the healthcare setting, todays leaders face many challenges. One prominent and ongoing issue is the ability of healthcare staff to provide safe, quality care to patients, and to be able to provide this care efficiently. As healthcare professionals we understand that ethical issues along with cultural issues within an organization are very common. As healthcare professionals we work to improve access to healthcare, provide quality care, promote safety, and assure care is provided within a safe environment according to cultural beliefs. Things in the healthcare field are changing constantly and this in turn affects patient care, and employee satisfaction. End of life care has grown over the last decade as well as issues related to this area. We have also seen a push for organ donations. Leaders today face many ethical issues within the healthcare environment. This paper will focus on how leadership affects ethical issues that involve the ability of healthcare staff to provide effici ent, safe, quality care to patients observing their cultural beliefs. Key Strategies to Address Ethical Issue To address the ethical issue of the ability of healthcare professionals to provide safe, efficient, quality healthcare there must be a point of focus to get healthcare professionals to this goal. The point of focus would be providing efficient. If care is provided efficiently this in turn results in quality care because the patient’s needs are being met in a timely manner. If their needs are being met in a timely manner these results in safety. We must also be culturally aware. Leaders within the organization is constantly reviewing situations and making decisions. Every decision that is made addresses ethical issues that affect patients, family members, healthcare providers, and leaders. Leaders must provide orientation to new employees and in-services to current employees. Leaders must look at each healthcare provider’s competency and provide education in those areas that the provider  lacks knowledge in. Leaders must also assess the provider’s compassion for patient care. Education and understanding and using the Code of Ethics, is the key to efficient, safe, quality patient care. Patient must also have access to healthcare. Supportive Empirical Evidence There was a study that was conducted on ethical problems in nursing management and it states, â€Å"The most common ethical problems concerned resource allocation as well as providing and developing high quality care†(Nursing Ethics, 2010). This article addresses the fact that leaders used the â€Å"Professional Code of Ethics†, when addressing problems related to the care of patients. Following the code of ethics also results in delivery of efficient and safe patient care. According to Nelson, Taylor, and Walsh, after a â€Å"problem or ethics gap has been clarified† (The Health Care Manager 2014), then the team and leaders need to take this information and use it to develop a plan to assist healthcare providers to understand the mission and values of the organization and put them into practice to provide efficient, safe, quality care to patients. The plan should be comprised of goals that are both attainable and reasonable. Leaders and healthcare providers must also be culturally competent, because this leads to quality patient care. According to Slatten, David Carson, and Carson â€Å"compassion fatigue† is related to poor patient care and burnout of healthcare providers, (The Health Care Manager, 2011). Healthcare workers must be compassionate and caring. This can lead to what Slatten, David Carson, and Carson refer to as â€Å"compassion fatigue†. This article discusses the fact that leaders must allow healthcare workers you talk about what is bothering. If healthcare workers are not functioning at their maximum potential then they cannot provide safe, efficient, quality patient care. Examples of Importance to Nursing Providing quality care results in improved patient satisfaction. It assists the patient in achieving maximum health status. It decreases safety issues such as falls, medication errors, and improves a patient’s quality of life. Understanding and being culturally competent allows healthcare providers to provide care according to the patient’s beliefs. The care provided is what influences patient to select a hospital or stay away from a particular  hospital. Performance data is now shared and available to patient’s seeking healthcare. Patient outcomes affect overall cost of healthcare. Conclusion Leadership is important in the development of plans and goals to provide safe, efficient, quality healthcare. They must not only be concerned with patient’s and family members but they too must look at their employees and make sure they have a focus and the tools they need to reach the goals and provide safe, efficient, quality healthcare. They must be able to handle any ethical issues. There must be a focus point so that employees have a goal in site to reach for. Leadership is the backbone for nursing and healthcare providers. References Aitamaa, E., Leino-Kilpi, H., Puukka, P., & Suhonen, R. (2010). Ethical problems in nursing management: The role of codes of ethics. Nursing Ethics, 17(4), 469-482. Retrieved November 30, 2014, from PubMed. Nelson, W., Taylor, E., & Walsh, T. (2014). Building an Ethical Organizational Culture. The Health Care Manager, 32(2), 158-164. Retrieved November 30, 2014, from OvidSP. Slatten, L., David Carson, K., & Phillips Carson, P. (2011). Compassion Fatigue and Burnout: What Managers Should Know. The Health Care Manager, 30(4), 325-333. Retrieved November 30, 2014, from OvidSP.

Road Traffic in Egypt versus U.S. Essay

Road Traffic in Egypt versus U.S. Essay Road Traffic in Egypt versus U.S. Essay As a person who has a driving license from Egypt as well as from the U.S. Traffic system, which supposed as an international system, means to me traffic lights, road lanes, signals. In addition, how people deal with it. From my experience, it differs from one country to another. I am going to highlight the differences between U.S and Egypt in terms of driver's behaviors, police reaction and road maintenance. In Egypt, the drivers' behavior differ from U.S in terms of speed limits, road signs' obedience and the dealing with pedestrians. There is neither respect for the speed limits on highways nor in interior Streets. Egyptians are always in a hurry and passing another car from the right side is very normal. They rarely make use of converting signals from lane to another. For example, when the driver wants to move from the right lane to left one, instead of giving a yellow signal he jumps to lane without signaling. I cannot remember seeing a driver stopping his car when there is a sto p sign. Nobody should be surprised when Egyptians drive in the wrong side on the highway speeding! Pedestrians are the main victims. They even suffer when they want to cross the street because they do not have a chance to cross safely. On the other hand, American driver's behavior is more civilized. In general, they show respect for all kinds of traffic signals. For example, they stop when there is a red light and stop signs. When U.S drivers' need to convert their direction from left to right, they give the yellow signal and watch the road until it is clear to move. In addition, what I liked very much is there high attention to bus schools. Moreover, they adhere to speed limits, and they give way to pedestrians. We should not be surprised that the rate of traffic accidents in Egypt is 13.2 deaths per 100.000 population, according to World Health Organization statics while only 11.6 with the U.S.A. In Egypt, when we have a car accident, the first reaction from the drivers is startin g to shout at each other. Each one pretends he is not wrong. In some cases, this shouting extend to a body language when they start slapping, boxing, and even wrestling. Therefore, we can say we will have a free show of boxing and wrestling. Egyptian Police reaction is so slow and late. Rarely, they are at the location of the accident unless it is great one or receiving heavy calls. Cops patrol is not as many as in the United States and indeed, it is not active. When Egyptian drivers break traffic laws, the police is not treating everyone equally. It depends on the relationships between them. If he knows the driver, he will be on his side. In contrast, In U.S I have not seen fighting between two drivers when they have an accident. I think that for several reasons. First, there is a

The U.S. Constitution Essays - James Madison, Free Essays

The U.S. Constitution Essays - James Madison, Free Essays The U.S. Constitution Article Five, clause two of the United States Constitution states, "under the Authority of the United States, [the Constitution] shall be the supreme law of the land." As a result of the fact that the current activist government is pursuing inconsistent policies, many believe the Constitution has become irrelevant because no guiding principles seem to exist. Thomas Jefferson once said, "The Constitution belongs to the living and not to the dead." Accordingly, it is often referred to as a "living" document because of its regular alteration and reexamination; therefore, the Constitution has not become irrelevant in defining the goals of American government. This will be shown by examining how the Constitution ensures and upholds American ideas of rights, defines governmental structures, allows for an increase in governmental growth, and permits the Supreme Court to shape and define public policy through Constitutional interpretation. Through years of research on court cases, political scientists are in agreement that most people favor rights in theory, but their support diminishes when the time to put the rights into practice arrives. For example, a strong percentage of Americans concur with the idea of free speech throughout the United States, but when a court case such as Texas vs. Johnson (1989) arises, most backing shifts away from complete freedom of speech. In the case, a Texan named Gregory Johnson set fire to an American flag during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas in order to protest nuclear arms buildup; the decision was awarded to Johnson in the midst of stern opposition (Beth 68). Lockean philosophy concerning the natural rights of man also serves amajor role in an American's idea of rights. Many citizens feels that it is the task of the state to preserve such birthrights as life, liberty, and property. The juristic theory of rights deals with the hypothesis that a man's natural rights only amounted to the quantity of power he can exercise over any other man. A more general and logical definition of a right is a claim upheld by the law, in which case the Bill of Rights becomes important (Benn 195). Although the Constitution originally did not contain the Bill of Rights, the states threatened to delay ratification until the amendments were made. The main purpose of implementing the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, was to safeguard fundamental individual rights against seizure by the federal government and prohibit interference with existing rights. The Revolutionary War with Britain was still quite clear in the American mind during the writing of the Constitution, so the Bill of Rights had full support of the public because it protected citizens against everything which had angered the colonists about the British (Holder 52). The Constitution is extremely ambiguous concerning individual rights and personal freedoms of man. It does, however, prohibit the passage of ex post facto laws, which punish people for an act they committed before such an act was illegal, disallow bills of attainder, which punish offenders without a trial, and prevent suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, which requires a detained man to be notified of the offense he committed (Gilbert 331). The Constitution also prohibits religious qualifications for seeking and holding a governmental office, and it secures the right of a trial by jury of peers in a criminal case (Gilbert 336). Articles One, Two, and Three of the United States Constitution define the three structures of the national government, and include each branch's composition and function. Article One deals with the Congress, the legislative structure of the federal government. It is the Congress, rather than the President, who is bestowed by the Constitution with the lawmaking duty. The legislative branch contains two Houses, one being the Senate, which is based upon equal representation of the states, and the other being the House of Representatives, which is based upon state population. The Framers envisioned Congress as the most important and most powerful branch of government, although today much of the significant legislation is initiated by the President and the executive department (Holder 20). In order to be a Representative, one must be twenty-five years of age or older, a United States citizen for at least seven years, and reside in the

For Rich or For Poorer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For Rich or For Poorer - Essay Example They generate most of the manufactured goods and enjoy the highest standard of living to date. On the other and also the dark side, there are 100 underdeveloped poor states, home to over two billion people. When we see the differences between rich and poor, the differences are very obvious. The rich people have every basic necessities of life. They have good, healthy and enough food. Whether it is high education or health facilities rich have all access to it. You can say they can get what they want. The lower class they do not have much but they are happy at what they have (Cline Austin 2006). Where there are differences there is always similarities lie in the way. The first thing is whether rich or poor we are all human. We have the same needs, wants and desires. We have same outlook towards life. Both want to see this world with a positive attitude. Each class has their own view of the other. So the main difference is of ideology fostered in mind. Whatever the ideology in minds the world will not change. Because one thing is also fostered and fostered by nature that is humanity. This world is for human not for rich or poor. Forgetting this difference and considering humanity as only element of this world, one will see this world is just for humans. Not for rich or for

Production Of A Klashnikov Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Production Of A Klashnikov - Coursework Example Part 1: One of the production method used in producing most of the riffle part is through KB-P-580, which serves to be more reliable than most of the other production method and way more better handling characteristics, this method was used in 1948 in Izhevsk factory. Its banana shaped magazine or cartridge is manufactured through curve which is smoothly fed with ammunition, the steel used is quite heavy mixed together with feed-lips which makes it highly resistant to damage in the long run. The design of the magazine is borrowed from other guns and was used in AS-44 model by the soviets. The receiver which anchors the integrated gas piston and the trigger is made of sheet metal with milled trunnion insert. In the year 1940, it took about 150 totally different machine motions to make it.so the new method of making it has differently changed it and help reduce the weight of the gun to only 8 pounds. The gas piston and bolt carrier contained in the receiver were deliberately structured to fit loosely in the receiver and the aim for this is to stop carbon buildup, dust and rust. What should be noted here is that this method of loose fit was borrowed from other designers like Sudayev and the concept was used by several other people after his death. The stock of the AK-47 rifle is made of wood. There have been a lot of developments when it comes to the making of this particular type of gun and some of its features being borrowed from other gun designs. Guns which have folding stocks are better fitted for tighter spaces for instance airborne troops. A combination of the bolt carrier and gas piston make up the gas piston which is a design that is not original but borrowed from another gun. The design is made to provide more energy to the operating system of the gun. How it works is that, when each round is fired, there is a gas which enters into a chamber through a port in the top of the barrel which in turn drives back a piston that then withdraws the bolt from the chamber and removes the already used cartridge. The magazine contains a spring which pushes the next cartridge into its place. There is a return spring which pushes the piston and bolt in front placing the cartridge in its chamber in readiness to fire once again. This system is much better since its stroke is 50% longer than usual which makes the gun versatile and still performs even when infiltrated by foreign substances like water which impedes lubrication. The protective coating of the gun is a phosphate coating which increases its reliability when it comes to rus ting. The chamber and barrel of the gun are actually chromed which also helps fight rusting. These anti-corrosive features of the gun are very key when it comes to harsh climate conditions like in times of war. Compared to other guns like an M16 before their chambers and barrel were chromed and which there protective coating were vulnerable to corrosion, AK-47 stood out in this aspect. The selectors switch which regulates when the gun can fire and when it cannot. The options of the switch are; safe, semi-automatic and automatic. When the gun is in the safe mode it is not able to fire. When it is the semi-automatic the shots are single shot and finally the automatic mode which fires rounds in a continuous mode when the trigger is pulled. Finally the trigger of the gun is a borrowed design from the M1 design created by John c and a German gun maker called Schmeisser who was in prison at the time the legendary AK47 rifle was made. Part 2: One production method I would use to produce th e riffle is Izhmash production method which produces around 95 units per hour which is an equal amount of over 1 million units per year. The fact that while using this method most parts are joined using hands, makes it more effective and accurate increasing

The Actual Reasons for the Perpetuation of Internet Crimes Essay

The Actual Reasons for the Perpetuation of Internet Crimes - Essay Example Nevertheless, despite security measures and laws against cyber crimes, such a situation of clear and present danger persists for a number of reasons. The reasons why Internet crimes remain despite the law enforced against them include the ease in which they can be committed, poor security measures, and carelessness on the part of the victims. One reason why Internet crimes persist is the mere fact that they are relatively easy to commit. A teenage hacker, Nicholas Webber, is the brains behind the ?16.2M-credit card theft at Ghostmarket.net in 2009. This is roughly $25.3M of stolen consumer money from an estimated 8,000 members of Ghostmarket.net all over the world. Webber was only 18 and his accomplice Ryan Thomas was only 17. They were imprisoned for 8 and 4 years respectively for channeling the money of the consumers to an offshore bank account located in Costa Rica (Malik, 2012). Therefore, teenagers like Webber and Thomas who simply know hacking and banking basically already have all the means to easily carry out an Internet crime. They can do this easily especially with anonymous programs. In fact, according to the December 2000 report by McConnell International, the occurrence of Internet crimes is caused by the following factors: â€Å"They are easy to learn how to commit; they require few resources relative to the potential damage caused; they can be committed in a jurisdiction without being physically present in it; and they are often not clearly illegal† (â€Å"Cyber Crime,† 2000). There is clearly a problem with Internet crimes when it comes to legalities. In fact, according to the report, there are still 33 countries which have not had their laws updated – like Egypt, Italy, Norway, New Zealand and France. Moreover, there are only 52 which have definitely stated laws against Internet crimes (â€Å"Cyber Crime,† 2000). However for the 33 countries, the vague and confusing laws simply translate as a difficult due process an d a possibility of the suspect being exonerated. Another reason why it is relatively easy to commit Internet crimes is that the suspect knows that he can simply make a plea on invasion of privacy and may claim that for the government to pry on his own private transactions is against his freedom and right. The reason for this is definitely a confusing system of legalities governing Internet crimes, making such crimes irreconcilable with the idea of freedom of speech and the right to privacy. For example, How different is it if libelous and malicious statements are written on private accounts in social, in March 2006, a British woman named Tracy Williams was accused of and charged with libel by the British court for â€Å"posting false sexual allegations† at an unnamed online social networking site about a Parliamentary candidate that the police believed she had issues with (Darlington, 2010). It is therefore really unclear which part of the Internet crime merely expresses free dom and which part violates the law. Due to these problems with legalities, only a mere 30% of an estimated 1,600 identity thieves in the United States alone end up prosecuted and even in relatively less jail time despite the fact that 8.3M victims have been harassed, according to the FBI. Moreover, only about 1,400 cases are given attention from around 300,000 complaints about

Primary School classroom Essay Example for Free

Primary School classroom Essay These Poets write Honestly about their Experiences. Explore the Memories Expressed in their Poems and consider what Views they are sharing about Growing Up  Carol Ann Duffy expresses her views and gives her true experiences to do with childhood and growing up. She uses a range of techniques in her poems, like similes to emphasize her feelings and emotions and imagery, where she uses metaphors to help create the picture and mood of the atmosphere of each poem. For example, the Primary School classroom. Simon Armitage also writes about everyday experiences, childhood, growing up, changes and regrets. He uses less imagery than Carol Ann Duffy, but in one particular poem Kid, he uses a great more rhyme. They both include experiences towards school life, where Carol Ann Duffy writes about the younger years and Simon Armitage writes about the older years at school. These two poets are similar in some ways, but can be quite different in others. For example, in Duffys Stealing it shares the feelings of a child who steals for no reason and Duffy adds comments from her own experiences. It can make the reader feel quite depressed and sad, whereas in I am very Bothered by Simon Armitage, it is again about a child with regret for something he did at school, but instead of being sad it uses black humour and is more horrible stench of branded skin In Mrs Tilschers Class, Carol Ann Duffy starts with you, which makes it personal and sets the scene travel up the Blue Nile.  She identifies things like Primary School aspects very well with your finger, tracing the route This is a good reminder to what children do when they are little. She creates the picture of the blackboard chalky Pyramids rubbed into dust. This suggests break time and the laugh of a bell swung by a running child creates a jolly, happy time that all the kids look forward to. This gives a comparison between home and school. This was better than home. There are more interesting things to be found at school, like enthralling books, which is obviously what she doesnt have at home.  She uses similes to describe the classroom. The classroom glowed like a sweet shop. This creates the idea of colour that a sweet shop would have.  She tells of a negative memory Brady and Hindley, which faded, like the faint, uneasy smudge of a mistake. School has so many good memories that it is able to make the bad ones disappear. She uses emotion Mrs Tilscher loved you, and alliteration good gold star, which makes the poem flow easier. It also sounds a bit like a childs expression.  A xylophones nonsense gives the impression of tuneless playing, which kids do in Primary School, they dont care about accuracy, just about having fun. It also appeals to the senses by using sounds as well as visual images.

Effect of Perceived Anonymity of Group Task Social Loafing

Effect of Perceived Anonymity of Group Task Social Loafing Title: The effect of perceived anonymity upon individual effort in a group task. Abstract: Social loafing according to Latanà © et al (1979) is the decrease in personal effort that occurs when an individual works within a group. However, when people feel as though their input is identifiable they are motivated to exert more effort, thereby mitigating social loafing. (Harkins Jackson, 1985) In an attempt to discover if this effect could be replicated, an opportunity sample of 52 participants was recruited to partake in an independent measures experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the public group or the private group. Both groups were asked, via email, to provide suggestions on how their town centre could be improved. The â€Å"public† group believed their results would be attributed to them publicly whilst the â€Å"private† group were assured anonymity. It was hypothesized that the public group would provide more suggestions than the private group. The â€Å"private† condition resulted in a lower mean number of respon ses (M 3.8, SD 2.6) than the â€Å"public† condition (M 6.8, SD 2.22) which supported the hypothesis. Introduction: Social loafing is the propensity for group members to come to be less productive as the group size increases (Latanà © et al, 1979). This effect reveals the converse relationship that exists between group size and an individual’s input to the accomplishment of a task. While examining the association between performance effectiveness and group productivity, Ringelmann (1913) discovered that having members of a group work collectively (in this case, pulling a rope) actually resulted in considerably less effort being applied than when the individual carried out the task independently. Ringelmann also revealed that as more individuals join a group, the group frequently grows progressively inefficient; rejecting the premise that group effort reliably leads to increased productivity. He suggested that groups fail to maximise their potential as several interpersonal processes diminish the group’s overall ability. Williams, Harkins and Latanà ©, (1981) attributed two distinct processes as potential sources for the reduced productivity within groups: motivation loss, and coordination issues. However, group members largely believe that they are contributing to their full potential when asked; evidence has indicated that individuals exhibit loafing without realising (Karau Williams, 1993). In order to facilitate a reduction in social loafing, several suggestions forwarded. Kerr Bruun (1983) state that individuals who exhibit social loafing often fail to contribute as they believe other group members will compensate for them. Therefore, each member of a group should be made to feel like they are vital to the completion of the task at hand. By increasing the individual’s perceived importance of their part of the group, members tend to expend more effort towards achieving the required outcomes. Harkins Szymanski (1989) assert that groups that establish explicit goals tend to outperform groups with unclear objectives. Setting clearly defined aims is believed to encourage many production-enhancing processes, such as increased commitment, comprehensive planning and quality monitoring of group tasks, and increased effort (Weldon, Jehn, Pradhan, 1991). Similar results can be achieved by decreasing the group size; as group size reduces, each members role in the group becomes increasingly integral, so the opportunity to loaf is reduced. Finally, and the focus of this study, when people feel as though their individual contribution is identifiable, they become motivated to work harder on a group project (Harkins Jackson, 1985). This is due to the individual experiencing evaluation apprehension, thereby increasing productivity through social facilitation. Social facilitation is an improvement in performance produced by the presence of others, as in the â€Å"audience effect† as demonstrated by Dashiell (1935), However, should a project allow individual members to remain anonymous, they feel less anxiety about being judged by others, resulting in social loafing (Harkins Petty,1982). The research hypothesis for this study is: Participants in the public group will provide more suggestions than participants in the private group. Method: Design: An Independent measures experimental design with two groups was employed. The independent variable, attribution of comments, was manipulated so that one group was informed that their comments would be publicly attributed to them while the other group was informed that they would remain anonymous. The dependent variable was the total number of responses. Participants: 52 Participants from the experimenter’s friends, family and workplace were asked via email to participate. Participants were assigned, on an alternate basis, to either the â€Å"public† or â€Å"private† condition. The number of participants in each condition was equal. Materials: Standard (2013) desktop PC running Windows 8 and Microsoft Office 2010 was used for all email correspondence, data collation. Ethical consent form obtained from a university representative prior to experiment. (See Appendix A). Participant consent form (See Appendix B). â€Å"Public† group instruction form (See Appendix C). â€Å"Private† group instruction form (See Appendix D). Response collation form (See Appendix E). Participant debrief form (See Appendix F). Procedure: Each participant in the first instance was contacted via email to ask if they wished to take part in a research experiment. Participants who agreed were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the â€Å"public† group or the â€Å"private† group, by means of order of response. For example the first participant to agree to take part was allocated to the â€Å"public† group, the second to â€Å"private† and alternated thusly until all participants had been assigned a group. Each was then sent, via email, an instruction form relating to their group and a consent form to complete. Each participant was asked to follow the instructions provided and return both the consent form and their responses by email within 48 hours. Once the responses were received the debrief sheet was sent out to inform the participant of the true nature of the experiment and advise them that they could remove their data and consent should they wish to. As no consent was withdrawn all dat a gathered was utilised. The total number of responses for each participant was counted and recorded under the appropriate group heading on the response collation form for statistical analysis. Results: The results from the two groups were collected and collated into a table of raw data (See Appendix G). Summary statistics are provided in Table 1 and the mean values are displayed in Figure 1. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the number of responses in â€Å"public† and â€Å"private† conditions (See Appendix H). There was a significant difference in the scores for the â€Å"public† (M=6.8, SD= 2.2) and the â€Å"private† (M=3.8, SD=2.6) conditions; t (50) =4.52, p= Figure 1. Mean number of responses for â€Å"public† and â€Å"private† conditions. Discussion: The results generated in this study support Harkins and Jackson’s (1985) assertion that identification increases group productivity in that the â€Å"public† group provided a significantly higher â€Å"response† mean. It also suggests Ringelmann’s (1913) observations and Latanà © et al’s (1979) â€Å"social loafing† may occur even when group members are not physically part of a group. A possible issue of using an independent measures design for this type of research is the potential for error arising from individual differences between participants, for example it may have been that those selected for the â€Å"public† group may have been, in general, more civically minded with a greater personal investment in their home town. As a result the â€Å"public† group might return more responses, not as a result of the independent variable being altered but of the individual differences in participants. To mitigate this effect more information would need to be gleaned from participants to ensure equal distributions between groups. Social loafing and social facilitation, in general, are viewed as distinct lines of research in social psychological literature. It appears, however, that these two phenomena may be closely related as the latter appears to mitigate the former. Further research into the extent to which they interact would be useful in uncovering the depth of the relationship. A pertinent question would be; is there a situation where social facilitation fails to affect social loafing? References: Dashiell, J. F. (1935). Experimental studies of the influence of social situations on the behavior of individual human adults. Harkins, S. G., Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214. Harkins, S. G., Szymanski, K. (1989). Social loafing and group evaluation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(6), 934. Karau, S. J., Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.Journal of personality and social psychology,65(4), 681. Kerr, N. L., Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 44(1), 78. Latanà ©, B., Williams, K., Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,37(6), 822-832. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.822 Ringelmann, M. (1913). Research on animate sources of power: The work of man.Annales de l’Instuit National Agronomique,12, 1-40. Szymanski, K., Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,53(5), 891-897. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.5.891 Weldon, E., Jehn, K. A., Pradhan, P. (1991). Processes that mediate the relationship between a group goal and improved group performance.Journal of personality and social psychology,61(4), 555. Appendix: Appendix A Completed ethical consent form obtained prior to study. Research Projects UHI Students All Undergraduate, Taught Postgraduate and Research Students registered on any UHI programme undertaking a research project must seek ethical approval via their Project Supervisor prior to undertaking any form of fieldwork or data collection exercise. Please read the UHI Research Ethics Framework before completing this form and submitting it to your Project Supervisor for approval and signature. Please pay close attention to the guidance notes, as it may be necessary for you to complete another form as part of this exercise. Further information on UHI’s Research Ethics Policy and the ethical approval process can be found at http://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/research-enterprise/resource/ethics Research Ethics Checklist Please complete as appropriate If the answer to the above question is â€Å"Yes†, compliance with NHS Guidelines will be required (see www.nhshighland.scot.nhs.uk/Research/Pages/ResearchEthics.aspx ), and there is no need for you to answer the remaining questions. Please complete and sign the declaration at the end of this form and submit it to your Project Supervisor. If the answer is â€Å"No†, please continue to Question 2. If the answer to the above question is â€Å"Yes†, please answer the remaining questions. If the answer is â€Å"No†, please complete and sign the declaration at the end of this form and submit it to your Project Supervisor. If you have answered â€Å"No† in each case to Questions 3-14, please complete the Declaration and pass this form to your Project Supervisor for approval. If you have answered â€Å"Yes† to any of the questions, please complete Form REC1-D Student and submit it to your Project Supervisor along with this form. DECLARATION *please delete as appropriate PROJECT SUPERVISOR AUTHORISATION I confirm that: Comments ‘Approved’ or ‘Not Approved’: Thank You. Once authorised, please pass this form, along with Form REC1-D Student if relevant, to the UHI Research Ethics Officer Appendix B Participant consent form. Consent Form Name: Age: Top of Form Gender: MaleFemale Would you like a copy of the completed report? Yes No Bottom of Form Appendix C â€Å"Public† group instruction form. Instructions – Public Group Thank you for volunteering to take part in this project. You are in a group of about 40 people from your local community who have been asked to provide suggestions on how your local town centre can be improved (e.g. provision of litter bins, other shops you would like to see/not see, activities etc). All group members will receive a copy of all suggestions and their authors, made by the group. You can provide as many suggestions as you like. Please send your suggestions by return email within 48 hours. You will then receive a debrief sheet. Appendix D â€Å"Private† group instruction form. Instructions – Private Group Thank you for volunteering to take part in this project. You are in a group of about 40 people from your local community who have been asked to provide suggestions on how your local town centre can be improved (e.g. provision of litter bins, other shops you would like to see/not see, activities etc). No-one else in your group will see your suggestions or name and participation will be in the strictest confidence. You can provide as many suggestions as you like. Please send your suggestions by return email within 48 hours. You will then receive a debrief sheet. Appendix E Result collation form. Appendix F Participant debrief form. Debrief sheet Thank you again for taking part in this project. You have in fact been taking part in an experiment into social loafing. You were amongst a group of 40 participants who were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a public group and a private group. The aim of the experiment was to compare the amount of suggestions provided by each group. It was anticipated that the public group would provide more suggestions as they believed they would be identified and as such would not want to appear to be putting the overall performance of the group down, the private group were expected to provide less suggestions as they were not to be identifiable and it would not be known if they provided only one suggestion for the group, and therefore more prone to ‘social loafing’. The data has now been collated and we did indeed find that the public group provided more suggestions than the private group. These findings along with a report will be written and submitted to the University of Highlands and Islands as part of an assessment carried out by 3rd year Psychology Degree students. Your personal details will not appear in the final report other than the amount of suggestions provided and you will be referred to by number only. We apologise for deceiving you and accept that you may wish to withdraw your data from this study, if so please inform us by return email and we will remove your data from the group. In order for us to use your data, please complete the attached form and return by email as soon as possible. Should you wish to receive a copy of the report, please tick the appropriate box on the attached form. Thank you again for your participation in this study. Appendix G Raw data collated from participant responses. Appendix H Independent Samples T Test results. 1